{"id":26794,"date":"2021-12-13T12:08:29","date_gmt":"2021-12-13T10:08:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.spu.ac.za\/?p=26794"},"modified":"2022-01-06T13:21:24","modified_gmt":"2022-01-06T11:21:24","slug":"new-research-how-covid-19-has-made-life-harder-for-south-african-women","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.spu.ac.za\/index.php\/new-research-how-covid-19-has-made-life-harder-for-south-african-women\/","title":{"rendered":"New research: how Covid-19 has made life harder for South African women"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"26794\" class=\"elementor elementor-26794\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-43df153 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"43df153\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1aa44a\" data-id=\"a1aa44a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dbf34f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9dbf34f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Women are more likely to work in sectors hit hard by the pandemic, like hospitality.\u00a0<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Guillem Sartorio\/AFP<\/span><\/span><\/h6><p>There is no doubt that the pandemic has had a devastating impact on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/saje.12275\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">South Africa and its economy<\/span><\/a>. During economic crises, women often pay a heavy price and Covid-19 is no exception.<\/p><p>As in much of the world, the commerce, catering and personal care sectors faced closure or witnessed their activities severely restricted to contain the spread of the virus. These sectors employ a large majority of women.<\/p><p>Women are also over-represented in the health sector and thus more likely to be on the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.t20italy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/TF1_PB04_LM02.pdf\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">frontline of the epidemic<\/span><\/a>. School closures, meanwhile, led to an increase in women\u2019s domestic workloads.<\/p><p>Before the crisis, the situation of women in South Africa was already worrying. Women were more likely to be\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13545701.2021.1906439\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">unemployed or in lower-paid jobs<\/span><\/a>\u00a0than men, while the poverty rate for women is\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/?p=12075\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">17 percentage points higher<\/span><\/a>\u00a0than it is for men.<\/p><div class=\"slot clear\" data-id=\"17\"><div class=\"promo\"><div class=\"MuiBoxroot-0-1-94 MuiBoxroot-0-1-95 makeStylesbox-0-1-93\"><p>This raises the question of whether the crisis has exacerbated existing gender inequalities in the labour market and increased the vulnerability of South African women.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><p>In a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41287-021-00441-w\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">recent study<\/span><\/a>, we examined how the pandemic affected the South African economy and women in particular. We found that women have been more affected than men.<\/p><p>This finding is in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/saje.12283\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">line with other studies<\/span><\/a>\u00a0that the pandemic causes more negative effects to sectors that rely on female labour, which leads to\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13545701.2021.1876906\">women earning less than their male counterparts<\/a>.<\/span> As a result, this pandemic has increased vulnerability and poverty for female-headed households more than for male-headed households.<\/p><figure class=\"align-center \"><div class=\"placeholder-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" lazyloaded\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"People queue for basic food and baby items at a distribution organised by Muslims for Humanity in Durban\" data-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436428\/original\/file-20211208-13-ml86ou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" \/><\/div><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">People queue for basic food and baby items at a distribution organised by Muslims for Humanity in Durban.<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Rajesh Jantilal\/AFP<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><h2>Unequal impacts<\/h2><p>We identified and modelled the channels through which the Covid-19 and lockdown measures are impacting the South African economy.<\/p><p>On one side, the economy is affected through international channels: it is harder for South Africa to export because other countries have reduced their consumption of South African commodities. On the other side, the economy is affected through national channels due to lockdown measures: some workers cannot work remotely, only essential sectors are open and other sectors are closed.<\/p><p>There have also been both supply and demand shocks to the economy. On the supply side, there is closure of factories induced by lockdown rules, which in our study we assume caused losses in productivity of 2% to 15%. At the same time, there is a reduction in demand from the rest of the world, which we assume cause reduction of exports by 10% to 15%.<\/p><p>Not all sectors have been affected by the pandemic in the same way \u2013 this depends on whether a sector was declared as essential or not and whether it related to exported commodities or not.<\/p><p>This unequal economic impact led to a disproportionate rise in unemployment for women, because they are concentrated in the sectors which were hit hardest by the lockdown measures, including\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cramsurvey.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/4.-Casale-D.-_-Shepherd-D.-2021-Gendered-employment-dynamics-during-the-Covid-19-pandemic-Evidence-from-four-waves-of-a-South-African-longitudinal-survey.pdf\">hospitality and personal care<\/a><\/span>.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/saje.12283\">The decreased demand for workers results in a drop in wages<\/a><\/span>, leading to a reduction in household consumption. Female-headed households faced a bigger decrease in their real consumption, which declines 4% to 5% more than for male headed households, with a subsequent greater increase in poverty among women than among men.<\/p><p>Indeed, the losses in income create an increase in the poverty index by one percentage point more for women than for men, resulting in a poverty rate which is higher for female households by 50 to 55% compared to that of male headed households.<\/p><figure class=\"align-center \"><div class=\"placeholder-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" lazyloaded\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"A woman uses a sewing machine\" data-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/436424\/original\/file-20211208-13-clzq8j.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" \/><\/div><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Female-headed households are more likely to have lost income during the pandemic than male-headed households.<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Michele Spatari\/AFP<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><h2>How to turn things around for women<\/h2><p>The impacts of Covid-19 on women are likely to be more severe than what we have captured in the findings of our study.<\/p><p>In our economic simulations, we ignored the negative impacts caused by women\u2019s high workload and pressure or by other psychological or physical impacts, for example, domestic violence.<\/p><p>All these negative impacts can also affect the next generation by catching today\u2019s children in a poverty trap. Thus, measures taken today to prevent the worst consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic for women could directly support future wellbeing and economic growth.<\/p><p>Government support measures, including financial aid, can help women escape the trap. Offering education and training to women and supporting certain sectors to hire more women could also be helpful.<\/p><p>Affordable services to reduce the domestic burden on women, for example, state-funded childcare, could free up the time for women to benefit from education and to work.<\/p><p>The pandemic has created new challenges for societies and economies. However, in the domain of gender inequality, Covid-19 has only reinforced a problem which has been known for a long time: that economic crises make life ever harder for women, who were already lagging behind.<\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/helene-maisonnave-1198404\">Helene Maisonnave<\/a><\/span>, Professor of Economics,\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/universite-le-havre-normandie-2207\">Universit\u00e9 Le Havre Normandie<\/a><\/em>;<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/margaret-chitiga-mabugu-1198371\">Margaret Chitiga-Mabugu<\/a><\/span>, Dean of the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-pretoria-1645\">University of Pretoria<\/a><\/em><\/span>;\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/martin-henseler-1198750\">Martin Henseler<\/a><\/span>, Research Engineer, EDEHN \u2013 Equipe d\u2019Economie Le Havre Normandie, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/universite-le-havre-normandie-2207\">Universit\u00e9 Le Havre Normandie<\/a><\/em><\/span>, and\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/ramos-emmanuel-mabugu-1198751\">Ramos Emmanuel Mabugu<\/a><\/span>, Professor,\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/sol-plaatje-university-3296\">Sol Plaatje University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p><p>This article is republished from\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/\">The Conversation<\/a><\/span>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license. Read the\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/new-research-how-covid-19-has-made-life-harder-for-south-african-women-169705\">original article<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Women are more likely to work in sectors hit hard by the pandemic, like hospitality.&nbsp;Guillem Sartorio\/AFP There is no doubt that the pandemic has had a devastating impact on&nbsp;South Africa and its economy. During economic crises, women often pay a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spu.ac.za\/index.php\/new-research-how-covid-19-has-made-life-harder-for-south-african-women\/\" class=\"read-more\">Read More &#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26802,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"post_folder":[],"coauthors":[185],"class_list":["post-26794","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>New research: how Covid-19 has made life harder for South African women - Sol Plaatje University<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There is no doubt that the pandemic has had a devastating impact on South Africa and its economy. 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